Police And Their Effect On Prison Population Essays - Penology

Police And Their Effect On Prison Population Because of the increase in crime in America, the public has demanded an increase in the amount of protection received from police. This increase in police protection has increased the incarceration level by numerous amounts within the last ten years. The number of inmates incarcerated in America is a direct cause of the policing that is going on in the streets of American cities. The method of policing has a tremendous impact on the outcome of the situation, meaning the type of policing determines the amount of arrests mad and the amount of inmates incarcerated. The historical pattern of prison sentencing has always shown that the offenders almost always served a much shorter sentence than the amount of time they were given by the court. Prisoners have always had different methods available to assist in decreasing the amount of time they have to serve. Many were released on parole after serving possibly less than 40 percent of their sentence. There was also time suspended due to good behavior which put the criminals back on the street. Offenders could be allowed work credits which could go towards their early release. This was considered the normal practices of prison up until the end of the 20th century. Around this time the citizens of cities started complaining more and demanding more police intervention and less crime. In 1994 laws were implemented that made it harder and in some cases impossible to be released from prison without serving at least 85 percent of their original sentence assigned by the court. This new policy has been implemented at the state and federal levels. Though history has shown an extensive pattern of early release, this pattern has come to an end because of the new laws set forth in America. Before 1984 the laws mandating prisons were not very effective in keeping offenders incarcerated, which was considered intolerable by the community. Experiments done on the effectiveness of police during the 1970s showed that traditional methods of policing were not effective in decreasing the amount of crime on the streets. Until the early 1970s most states used the indeterminate sentencing method which allowed parole boards the authority to allow offenders to be released early. The idea of indeterminate sentencing came about in the mid-1800s and was preferred over determinate sentencing because determinate sentencing allowed no room for reform. Because of the dissatisfaction with indeterminate sentencing and the pressure for longer sentencing, there was a policy implemented in the 1980s which made it mandatory to have a guide for the minimum amount of time served as well as new sentencing guidelines. This method caused inmates to serve more time and because of this, there became a problem with overcrowding. To alleviate the overcrowding, inmates were then available to get sentence reduction because of good behavior and also with certain work programs they could be released early by the building up of earned time credit. In 1984 the first truth in sentencing laws were in acted. These laws required that prisoners serve a substantial portion of their sentence. To ensure that offenders served the majority of their sentence, the violent crime control and law enforcement act of 1994 were passed. This act allowed additional funding for state prisons and jails. It also restricted and in many instances eliminated release for good behavior and good time credits. The three strikes and youre out laws, in many states, require life imprisonment for third time a felony offenders. In some states offenders only have two strikes before being sentenced. The abolishment of parole in at least fourteen states has also made the percentage of inmates released less. By implementing s entencing requirements, the abolishment of parole, along with other sentencing restrictions and incentives, it has become nearly impossible for offenders to be released with out giving at least the majority of their due time to society. Because of the reform act of 1984 release practices in federal systems underwent a series of changes. There have been mandatory penalties established in federal sentencing most notably for drug offenses. In 1987, 26684 offenders entered the federal prison system. They were sentenced on average forty-two months but only served approximately twenty-three months.

American Sons. American Murderers. Professor Ramos Blog

American Sons. American Murderers. Reanna Saldivar Eng 102 7 Aug 2018 American Sons. American Murderers. â€Å"Somebody killed my parents!† cried Lyle Menendez, on a 911 call while at the scene of his parents brutally murdered, yet the perfect all American family, the family with money, power, and ambition. Nearly thirty years ago, the first claimed ‘trial of the century’ and first ever televised cases took place, the Menendez brothers who brutally murdered their parents. How can spoiled rich kids who had it all spiral out of control and commit such a crime? From riches to confessions, the Menendez brothers became one of the most shocking, notorious duo to ever commit the ‘perfect’ crime. Born into privilege and wealth, Lyle and Erik Menendez were the children of Jose and Kitty Menendez. Jose Menendez was a refugee from Cuba who was ambitious and determined to reach the top of businesses in America. Rags to riches tale to which Jose became Hollywood executive producer. Kitty Menendez was considered a ‘beauty queen’. (Church). The two shorty married after meeting at Southern Illinois University then giving birth to their children, Lyle and Erik Menendez. (Church). She was an at home mom while Jose was a successful businessman. Jose was praised to be highly intelligent but also arrogant and and mistreated workers. (Church). Jose and his family’s relationship began to deteriorate leading up to the one of the most shocking events in Beverly Hills history. On the night of August 20, 1989, Jose and Kitty Menendez were relaxing peacefully when they were shot to death from the hands of their sons. Lyle, 20 and Erik, 18 attempted to put the blame on someone else until they were eventually arrested in 1990 for the murder of their parents and put on trial. In order to achieve full success, Jose Menendez instilled tough parenting and high expectations above the dysfunctional family. Lyle and Erik were destined in Jose’s life to attend ivy league schools, become pro tennis athletes, and achieving the American dream Jose left Cuba for. However, both boys were not reaching near Jose’s expectations, causing various conflicts to occur from time to time. Confrontations to threats caused a division upon the family, enough for outsiders to assume   Jose having an authoritarian parenting style in order to discipline his children. Kitty never intervened between the interactions of her husbands and sons; she was suspected to be an unstable mother with addiction to alcohol and drugs. (AE). Kitty had difficulty dealing with Jose’s multiple affairs, but instead she was suggested to enable the authoritarian behavior and was violent towards her sons as well. The boys were considered disappointments of the family, even discussed a s â€Å"ruining their marriage† and picking favorites. (AE). National PTSD studies suggest that long term symptoms of childhood sexual abuse include difficulty to set limits with others, low self-esteem, and reckless behaviors. Extreme controlling and incredibly high expectations stressed and teared the family apart, persuading Lyle and Erik to claim self-defense as the reasoning to murder their parents. The Menendez brothers brought what was considered bizarre and rare case of childhood sexual abuse; in court matters, sexual abuse from childhood was almost unheard of, causing prosecution to fail to address the allegations made from the brothers and family testimonies. In early teen years, Lyle stated, his mother   harassed him with increasingly bizarre sexual conduct. (Abrahamson). However, both parents are claimed to have performed brutal and disgusting sexual acts with their sons. Two cousins and a friend of the brothers have testified that in ages between 8-17, each brother has confided about their fears of abuse; from implying oral sex to rape,   Erik asked his cousin Andy if the sexual contacts were considered a â€Å"normal father-son relationship†. (Abrahamson).The abuse was stated to cause a great fear and endangerment to the boys’ lives. Each abuse was kept in secret, causing a great dispute when Lyle discovered his little brother Erik was still part of th e horrendous acts from his father.(Abrahamson). Worried about his image because of a potential run for politics, Jose was stated to threatening to kill the boys if they released the secret to the police or possibly the media. Multiple attempts to flee the home were stopped by the power of Jose Menendez, from threats of murder to entrapment at home if the boys wanted financial help with their lives. Besides authoritarian parenting and years of alleged sexual abuse, why else would they do it? Growing up in Princeton and Beverly Hills, the brothers were exploited to the lavish and rich lifestyle. From living in a 9,000 sq ft mansion with private tennis coaches, the Menendez brothers were only familiar with nothing less than their extravagant lifestyle, at the cost of following their father’s expectations. (Church). Erik was interested in acting, being a disappointment to his father’s ideal picture of an occupation that brings great success. However, Erik wrote a 66-page script titled â€Å"Friends† where a spoiled rich young man murders his parents for inheritance money. (Worthen). The plot seemingly along the lines of the the crime scene of the Menendez family and perhaps suggested that the murder was premeditated. Lyle is rumored to alter his father’s will after Jose removed both of his sons from the it, in order to inherit $14 million dollars. Just d ays after the murder of their parents, Lyle and Erik lived lavishly with purchases of cars, a restaurant, private tennis coach, etc., spending nearly $700,000 of their inheritance. (Worthen). Only the removal of their parents fasten the process of obtaining millions at a young age for the brothers. Throughout the trial, viewers were beyond fascinated with figuring why the Menendez brothers committed the horrendous crime. As one of Cohen’s Seven Monster Theses, monsters are considered a kind of a desire; two spoiled rich kids crossed the line and murdered the two people that brought them into this world out of anger, fear, and terror. Individuals desire to learn about rare, unnatural behaviors humans conduct. Victims are usually chosen upon preferences, so viewers wanted to figure out, why did the Menendez brothers choose their very own parents and not others, expanding their desire to be educated on why the brothers did it. The motive ranges from sexual abuse, inheritance, and impossible expectations to meet. Motives circle around as viewers attempt to figure out why the Menendez brothers commit the crime. The Menendez brothers reshaped American crime history forever from introduction to ptsd from child abuse to how two kids committed the perfect crime that satisfies our fantasies or imagination of our rebellious alter ego’s or crossing the forbidden line of insanity. A case so shocking yet irresistible to watch to figure out the dysfunctional dynamic of what was seemily the perfect rich All American family in Beverly Hills. Causal Analysis Bibliography Erik and Lyle Menendez. World of Criminal Justice, Gale, edited by Shirelle Phelps, Gale, 1st edition, 2002. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/worldcrims/erik_and_lyle_menendez/0?institutionId=5312. The article presents the ‘trial of the decade’ behind the perfect family that ended in shambles. It outlines the events that took place before and after the trail. The section is from the World of Criminal justice which is examined by multiple people in the field of it. I plan to use the article as the basis or introduction of my paper. CHURCH, GEORGE J. â€Å"Sons and Murderers.† Time, Time Inc., 24 June 2001, content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,162444,00.html. The article depicts the outline of the trial with discussing the most shocking factors of of the case. The trial itself presented new ideals and psychological matters that need to be understood as part of a motive behind why certain actions are taken. I plan to use the article to be presented as the basis or outline of the events. Abrahamson, Alan. â€Å"Lyle Menendez Tells Court of Sexual Abuse by Mother : Trial: He Says She Would Wash His Body Everywhere and Had Him in Bed with Her until He Was 13. He Gives Further Testimony on Violence by Both Parents.† Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, 14 Sept. 1993, articles.latimes.com/1993-09-14/local/me-35149_1_lyle-menendez. The article emphasizes the undermined evidence of the motive behind why the Menendez brothers decided to murder their parents. The â€Å"abuse excuse† was thrown around as a nothing more than a lie to shift the direction of the trial, however multiple family members talked about the the alarming family dynamic. ABC News provides video footage of the interview. I plan to use it as my case behind the motive of why the Menendez Brothers did it. â€Å"PTSD: National Center for PTSD.† Negative Coping and PTSD PTSD: National Center for PTSD, 1 Jan. 2007, ptsd.va.gov/public/types/violence/child-sexual-abuse.asp. The article emphasizes the trauma and aftermath from childhood sexual abuse. It dictates the behavioral pattern for those struggling with the secret. The website is the National Center for PTSD. I plan to use the article to further examine the motive behind the murder of the Menendez parents. Worthen, Meredith. â€Å"The Menendez Brothers Case: New A+E Doc Interviews Erik Menendez.† Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 19 Mar. 2018, www.biography.com/news/menendez-brothers-murder-case-facts. The article examines the outline behind the events in one of the most famous trials of the 90s. The article illustrates the shockful moments of the courtroom as well as the emotional breakdowns to explain why the case was considered intense. I plan to use the article to establish the behind the scenes details behind the famous trial. â€Å"The Menendez Brothers: Erik Tells All.† AE, AE, 1996, www.aetv.com/shows/the-menendez-murders. The website is a documentary upon the Menendez brothers analysis and commentary. The documentary provides real life footage of the trials as well as words from friends and family members. I plan to use testimonies from family members and friends to further analyze the reasoning why the Menendez brothers committed the crime. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. â€Å"Monster culture (seven theses).†Ã‚  Gothic horror: A guide for students and readers  (2007): 198-217. The article ties together what embodies an actual monster. Monsters are a representation of society and our entertainment and desires. The article is the center of our monster theory unit in class. I plan to use one of the theses to represent why the Menendez brothers were one of the main attractions of the 90s.

Analysing Product Development Within Dell Computers

Analysing Product Development Within Dell Computers The Product Development at the Dell Computer Corporation case can be summarized with just its name, product development. The case focuses on development of Dell’s personal computers, highlighting the area of the laptops. The personal computer industry can be dated back to the 1830’s and Charles Babbage with his invention of the first digital computer. However with limitations of materials and marketing his vision mainly stayed on what is called â€Å"the drawing board.† It was not until the time period of World War II when a factory size computer was created by army engineers, they were named Mark I and Colossus and they were 50 feet in size. Through the 1960s and the 1970s only the government, mainly for defense, and big business had the opportunity to use computers. As technology increased and microchips replaced the wires and transistors, and financial availability became friendlier for consumers the microcomputer revolution began. In the 1970s and 1980s Appl e Computer was a successful leader in a commercialized interface that was easy to use. Apple set the technological pace for cramming as much new technology in to their products as possible. IBM who was always trying to play catch up with Apple kicked off its traditional corporate based computer line, with strong direct sales and service. Dell also released its own branded personal computer in 1981. During the 1980s personal computer sales grew from nothing to $40 billion dollars. It was in 1983 when Dell Computer was started by Michael Dell, who at this point in time was a freshman at the University of Texas. He would upgrade IBM compatible computers and go door to door selling them. The success was overwhelming for Dell, and he moved off campus and dropped out of school, with the initial idea of returning back to school if there was failure with the business. However, with $180,000 in sales during his first month the idea of going back to school never entered his mind. The next ste p for Dell was to buy and assemble his own brand name personal computers and get them directly to the customers. This is where Dell’s principle to eliminate the middle man began. With this premise in mind, high growth rates and attractive margins the building of the Dell name began. Soon, Dell would start a 24 hour complaint hotline and they would offer a supply of backup replacement equipment. By 1990, Dell computers had a distinctive line of its own personal computers which won several trade magazine awards for service and products. By 1990 microcomputers accounted for 40% of all computers sold. And there was major competition the brands helping to drive down the costs of manufacturing as well the cost for the consumers. With the development and success of Dell and their direct to consumer sales as well as their laid back sales manner, imitators such as Gateway 2000 and CompuAdd began business. While focusing on the competition Dell expanded in to the retail market attempti ng to gain more revenue. However, this was unsuccessful since Dell overshot the target budget of sales, finding them in a cash crunch. It was then decided on that that needed to do something different. They needed to stand out again

Managerial Support Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Managerial Support Systems - Assignment Example e process of classifying people into groups that have some set of characteristics, resulting in the ability to be studied and targeted† (Xtremeimpark, 2009). Multinational corporations utilize consumer segmentation to determine the demand of its products by dividing consumer markets by geographical location. One of the reasons for geographical segmentation is because people from different cultures have different purchasing behaviors. McDonalds is the largest fast food chain in the world. Its hamburgers are a product that sells well in most parts of the world. Despite this fact the company has found it hard to penetrate the India marketplace because the majority of its population visualizes the cow as a sacred animal. Another variable that is often used for consumer segmentation is income. Marketplaces with populations that have higher income are attractive due to the fact that higher income means the customers have greater purchasing

Aviation Safety Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Aviation Safety Questions - Essay Example Of course the responsibility lies with the air carrier to safeguard their customers, their employees and provide them proper working environment in every possible way, but it is in their best interest as well so to say, as regards to business point of view, because statistics have shown that an aircraft accidents’ true cost in claims, lost employee time or use, and lost customers is 4 times the actual cost of the accident. For example, US Air estimates that the Pittsburgh accident’s actual cost was 30 to 40 Million dollars. This means that the accidents true cost is somewhere around 140 Million dollars. The FA act charges the FAA with the responsibility for promulgating and enforcing adequate standards and regulations (Alexander & Clarence, 2004). The main focal point of any Air Carrier Safety Program is the Safety Officer. Sometimes those that see the best are those that are not as close to the situation. To ensure safety, an outsider like safety officer is a very practical solution. FSDOs nationwide handle the dual function of safety inspection and advice for airline. Local FSDOs conducts several types of inspections on each airline’s maintenance and operations functions. If a certificate holder fails to comply, section 609 of the FA act specifies that the FAA may reexamine any certificate holder or appliance. Inspectors periodically conduct maintenance base inspections which focus on the record kept by an airline like airworthiness directives compliance, and conduct shop inspections to observe maintenance procedures and carry out ramp inspections to observe the airworthiness of the aircraft. A similar operations base inspection focuses on records concerning the hours of training and check rides given pilots and the rest periods between duty shifts given crews as required by regulations. En route inspections involve inspections of

Reliability and Validity Essay Example for Free

Reliability and Validity Essay Evaluating human services is a task that can be very complex. People can have different interpretations of the same event. Another concern is that people are not always honest. Therefore, human services will gain from effective, high quality evaluations of data collection methods. This requires that the data collection methods supply accurate and dependable information. This paper will define and describe 2 concepts of measurement known as reliability and validity,-provide examples and supporting facts as to how these concepts apply to data collection in human services, and evaluate the importance of the validity and reliability of data collection methods and instruments. Funding for many non-profit human services organizations are dependent on the precise results of research and statistics gathered through various processes of data collection. Reliability and validity are two criterions that are used to judge the functions of research designs and measurements. These criterions are something that should be looked at before, during, and after research to show the relevance and significance of human services. Using the example of a weight scale is the perfect way to confer the idea of reliability and validity. If an individual of 150lbs. weighs themselves several times and gets several different readings, the scale being used can be considered unreliable. Now if that scale also reads 125 each time, it is rather reliable but invalid. However, the consistent, accurate reading of 150lbs. each time indicates that this scale is not only reliable, but also valid. When thinking about validity, it is important to evaluate if the research is doing what it is supposed to do. According to Rosenthal and Rosnow (2008), â€Å"The measure in question might be a psychological test of some kind, a group of judges who rate things, a functional MRI scanner for monitoring brain activity, or any other instrument or measuring tool†(Chapter 6). Is the data collected dependable? Does the correlation make sense? All of these questions are in reference to the design of the research, and validity is specifically tied to the soundness and force of that design. Conclusion and internal validity refer directly to relationships drawn between correlating factors and the end results. According to Measurement Of Validity Types (2006), â€Å"Conclusion validity is the degree to which conclusions reached about relationships in data are reasonable† (Conclusion Validity). Studies that have shown a link between convicts in the prison system and the lifestyles encountered by children of single parents would be one example of conclusion validity. If the conclusion is valid, a direct link will be made between two correlating factors. Internal validity is specifically concerned with casual relationships while conclusion validity is concerned with relationships in general (Measurement Of Validity Types, 2006). Observing that certain factors may be linked to certain outcomes, and examining all the possible links of an outcome is the main goal of internal validity. Another look at reliability will help in considering the precision of these predictions. Reliability represents the idea of accuracy, dependability, and consistency in research. Can the results be referred to as concrete? Are there any loopholes in the research? Has the research communicated the proper information and does everything correlate? These are questions that would be directed at examining the reliability of research. Test-Retest and Inter-rater reliability are two ways to measure the results of research. When multiple people are given assessments of some kind or are the subjects of some test, then similar people under the same circumstances should lead to scores that are similar or duplicates (Types Of Reliability, 2011). This is the idea of inter-rater reliability. Another mode of reliability is the administration of the same test among different participants and expecting the same or similar results (Types Of Reliability, 2011). This is known as Test-retest reliability. This method of measurement might be used to make determinations about the effectiveness of a school exam or personality test (Types Of Reliability, 2011). Surveys and other methods of research present the appropriate avenues for data collection. Data collection and measurement methods are used in human services to help organizations achieve leadership capacity and to achieve high performance outcomes. Agencies that track the effectiveness of their services through field studies and surveys will have a record of techniques that have worked best to fulfill mission goals. The evidence of such reported facts will come in handy in terms of funding, policy efforts, and keeping professionals educated. From psychological and behavioral aspects, interviews, test groups, and random assignment are just a few ways to collect data in controlled and uncontrolled environments. Human services use these methods to apply theory to real life situations. Human services depends on the effective analysis and measurements of research. Personal interpretations of measurements can be confusing. Therefore, reliability and validity are two ideas that refer to rating the effectiveness of research techniques. This paper has defined and described the two concepts of measurement known as reliability and validity, provided examples and supporting facts as to how these concepts apply to data collection in human services, and has evaluated the importance of the validity and reliability of data collection methods and instruments. Human services agencies rely on research to remain knowledgeable and capable of providing appropriate services to disadvantaged populations.

Portrayal of Eve in John Miltons Paradise Lost Essay -- Milton Paradi

Milton's Portrayal of Eve in Paradise Lost      Ã‚  Ã‚   The seventeenth century poet, John Milton, takes the attitude common to the time period while portraying Eve in Paradise Lost.   This epic, telling of Adam and Eve's fall from Paradise and the story of creation, constantly describes Eve as a weak individual, while Adam is often compared with God.   The idea of women's inferiority has been fixed through time, making Milton's characterization of Eve not surprising, but rather expected and accepted.   However, Milton shows a suggestion of women's inner strength while describing the control Eve has over Adam.   Nevertheless, except for this instance, Eve is depicted as subordinate to Adam.   This is evident through Adam and Raphael's treatment of Eve, her own actions, and Milton's description of her.    The first weakness Eve shows is her vanity.   Following her creation, she finds herself staring into a stagnant pool.   She tells Adam, " There I had fixed Mine eyes till now, and pined with vain desire" (IV 465-6).   From the beginning of Eve's life in Paradise, it was understood that she needed Adam to guide her.   During her first talk with him, she whimpers, "And from whom I was formed flesh of thy flesh, And without whom am to no end, my guide And head!" (IV 441-3).  Ã‚   Thus, she believes that only with Adam's guidance will she be able ... ...Elledge, Scott, ed. Paradise Lost: An Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism. New York: Norton, 1975. Fox, Robert C. "The Allegory of Sin and Death in Paradise Lost." Modern Language Quarterly 24 (1963): 354-64. Lewis, C. S. A Preface to Paradise Lost. Rpt. New York: Oxford UP, 1979. Milton, John. Paradise Lost. In John Milton: Complete Poems and Major Prose. Ed. Merritt Y. Hughes. Indianapolis: 1980. O'Keeffe, Timothy J. "An Analogue to Milton's 'Sin' and More on the Tradition." Milton Quarterly 5 (1971): 74-77. Patrick, John M. "Milton, Phineas Fletcher, Spenser, and Ovid--Sin at Hell's Gates." Notes and Queries Sept. 1956: 384-86. Portrayal of Eve in John Milton's Paradise Lost Essay -- Milton Paradi Milton's Portrayal of Eve in Paradise Lost      Ã‚  Ã‚   The seventeenth century poet, John Milton, takes the attitude common to the time period while portraying Eve in Paradise Lost.   This epic, telling of Adam and Eve's fall from Paradise and the story of creation, constantly describes Eve as a weak individual, while Adam is often compared with God.   The idea of women's inferiority has been fixed through time, making Milton's characterization of Eve not surprising, but rather expected and accepted.   However, Milton shows a suggestion of women's inner strength while describing the control Eve has over Adam.   Nevertheless, except for this instance, Eve is depicted as subordinate to Adam.   This is evident through Adam and Raphael's treatment of Eve, her own actions, and Milton's description of her.    The first weakness Eve shows is her vanity.   Following her creation, she finds herself staring into a stagnant pool.   She tells Adam, " There I had fixed Mine eyes till now, and pined with vain desire" (IV 465-6).   From the beginning of Eve's life in Paradise, it was understood that she needed Adam to guide her.   During her first talk with him, she whimpers, "And from whom I was formed flesh of thy flesh, And without whom am to no end, my guide And head!" (IV 441-3).  Ã‚   Thus, she believes that only with Adam's guidance will she be able ... ...Elledge, Scott, ed. Paradise Lost: An Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism. New York: Norton, 1975. Fox, Robert C. "The Allegory of Sin and Death in Paradise Lost." Modern Language Quarterly 24 (1963): 354-64. Lewis, C. S. A Preface to Paradise Lost. Rpt. New York: Oxford UP, 1979. Milton, John. Paradise Lost. In John Milton: Complete Poems and Major Prose. Ed. Merritt Y. Hughes. Indianapolis: 1980. O'Keeffe, Timothy J. "An Analogue to Milton's 'Sin' and More on the Tradition." Milton Quarterly 5 (1971): 74-77. Patrick, John M. "Milton, Phineas Fletcher, Spenser, and Ovid--Sin at Hell's Gates." Notes and Queries Sept. 1956: 384-86.

Critical Thinking: Nine Strategies for Everyday Life Essay

Most people are not critical thinkers by nature. It takes years of practice and commitment to become a highly productive and efficient critical thinker. In order to develop the right frame of mind in becoming a critical thinker there are certain stages that can be followed to help students practice their critical thinking skills. â€Å"Stage one: The Unreflective Thinker† this stage entails students who are unaware of any problems that they might have in the critical thinking process (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.1). â€Å"Stage Two: The Challenged Thinker† this is the stage where the students begin to become familiar with any problems they might have in the critical thinking process (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.1). â€Å"Stage Three: The Beginning Thinker† in this stage the student begins to improve their skills but without much practice (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.1). â€Å"Stage Four: The Practicing Thinker† here the student begins to realize the importance of practicing their critical thinking skills (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.1). â€Å"Stage Five: The Advanced Thinker† advancement is directly correlated with practice. The more the student practices the more advanced he/she becomes (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.2). â€Å"Stage Six: The Master Thinker† at this stage, the student begins to become a highly skilled critical thinker and it becomes second nature (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.2). A question a student might want to ask themselves is, what stage best fits me? And, how can I improve myself to become a more proficient critical thinker? These stages are useless unless a student is willing to accept the fact that there is some deficit in their critical thinking skills. In order to help students progress through the rankings of these stages, a list of nine strategies has been devised to aid in the student’s progress. â€Å"Strategy #1: Use â€Å"Wasted† Time† a countless number of hours are wasted every day (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.2). This is wasted time that could have been used to improve your critical thinking skills. A student must be able to recognize when the time they are using is wasted or productive. When an individual acquires this skill, the wasted time can be put to further the individual’s critical thinking development. â€Å"Strategy #2: A Problem A Day† a student must pick a problem that can be thought out thoroughly each day (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.3). This can be done on the way to work, in the shower, or when one finds that they are wasting time. Completely think out the question and  suggest solutions to possibly remedy the problem. â€Å"Strategy #3: Internalize Intellectual Standards† Some examples of universal intellectual standards are, clarity, precision, logicalness, and accuracy (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.3). Once a week a student must take one of these standards and use it in everyday situations. For example, a student might want to use logicalness and apply it to every day life. This can be applied to every task the student is performing in order to see if it is being performed in a logical manner. â€Å"Strategy #4 Keep an Intellectual Journal† a written record of a students critical thinking experiences will be helpful in allowing the student to refer back to specific techniques that were the most productive (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.4). â€Å"Strategy #5: Reshape Your Character† A student must take one personal trait such as empathy, and apply it to their everyday life (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.5). â€Å"Strategy #6: Deal with Your Egocentrism† (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.6) it is human nature for an individual to think in terms of ones self (Gelfand et. al., 2002). A student must devise a way to be aware of this type of thinking in order to minimize egocentric actions. â€Å"Strategy #7: Redefine the Way You See Things† (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.6) students consistently bombard themselves with negative thoughts about themselves, the world, and their work. A student must lean how to turn these negative thoughts into positive thoughts. Only then will he/she be more productive in every aspect of their life. â€Å"Strategy #8: Get in Touch with Your Emotions† a student must turn negative emotions into positive (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.6). One good example is to try to find the humorous side of an occasion that might otherwise make you angry or upset (Paul and Elder, 2000). â€Å"Strategy #9: Analyze Group Influence on your Life† individuals tend to give in to group influences (Paul and Elder, 2000, p.7). A student must learn to read these influences and make a decision on what action needs to be taken. In order to become a more proficient critical thinker a student must remember these three main points. First, evaluate yourself honestly in order to realize what area needs improvement, only then can you begin to improve. Second, practice makes perfect, in order to become a master of any skill a certain amount of practice is needed in any field. Third, once a student becomes a proficient critical thinker, keep exploring new ideas in order to  improve. These steps and strategies can also be applied to the research field. In research, scientific reading and writing is an everyday process. Critical thinking is a skill that every scientist must have in order to excel in their work environment. All these strategies can be used in order to improve the critical thinking skills of every employee. References Elder, L. & Paul, R. (2000). Critical Thinking: Nine strategies for everyday life. Journal of Developmental Education, 24, 40-42. Retrieved November 2, 2003, from: http://www.apollolibrary.com/srp/gbm/COM515.asp Gelfand MJ, Higgins M, Nishii LH, Raver JL, Alexandria D, Murakami F., et al. (2002). Culture and egocentric perceptions of fairness in conflict and negotiation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 5, 833-845.

Blasted by Sarah Kane Essay

When I was on vacation in San Francisco, the 19:29 Theater Company from London put on the play Blasted, by Sarah Kane.   I knew very little about Kane or her work, but went with a few friends on Monday, June 23.   The play was taking place at the Mossmer Hotel, and we decided to go to the early showing.   Upon hearing people talk about it and seeing some posters, I got a better idea about the kind of experimental play I was about to see.   However, I had no idea what I was getting into, and the experience far exceeded my wildest imaginations and the unconventional nature of this play would stay with me long after the final line was spoken.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When we were about to enter the theater, some people were handing out veils to all the audience members with holes cut out for mouths and eyes.   This was interesting at first, but the festive atmosphere created by the initial strangeness of the veils soon gave way to a creeping fear of something heavy about to be parlayed.   We were in essence walking as if to a firing squad, some of us cognizant of what was about to happen, while some of us still laughed at the novelty and the seriousness of the situation.   As soon as the play began, no one was laughing. Blasted is set in a naturally lit hotel room, with a bed and some furniture and a bathroom that permeated a blue glow.   No programs were given out and the play just began very unceremoniously.   The actor and actress in the hotel room began their dialogue in a style that was very naturalistic and conversational.   The characters are called â€Å"Ian† and â€Å"Cate,† with Ian an older man and Cate a younger woman.   Ian just swears and speaks racists and bigoted tirades, while Cate seems to shrink from him.   Ian tries to get Cate to make love, but she refuses.   After several attempts and severe stages awkwardness, the scene ends to the sound of rain.    The next scene begins the next day after Ian raped Cate.   After a bit, Cate breaks free from Ian out the bathroom window.   Soon after, a soldier runs into the room and a bomb hits it, leaving the scene to end to the sound of rain.   When the next scene begins, the room is virtually destroyed and there is a large hole in the wall.   The stage is much darker and the light is very sparse.   The soldier explains to Ian about the war going on and the terrible things he has witnessed.   The sound of gunfire can be heard continuously. The soldier then rapes Ian and blinds him, and like the other scenes it ends with the sound of rain.   During the next scene, Ian is blind and the soldier has killed himself, and Cate returns carrying a dead baby.   She describes what she has seen and buries the baby under a hole the floor before leaving.   The final scene shows Ian slowly deteriorating into madness and despair.   Starving, he crawls into the hole where Cate put the dead baby and eats it.   A voice offstage then says that Ian dies, and the play ends with Cate coming back with some food that she got by having sex with a soldier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the play I was simply shocked by the turns it took, as well as the bleakness of what was being portrayed on stage.   Even with actors that may not be the most schooled in theater, the material is so deep and disturbing, and the production is tight, that it almost becomes the perfect play.   It certainly stayed with me long after I saw it, and provoked everything but indifference from everyone that saw it.   I like to think that I had a good idea about what Kane was trying to say, but when it comes down to it, I can only guess that her greater message was that life is absurd.   The violence, perversion, and general human degradation she portrayed in Blasted certainly speaks of the darker side of humanity, but one that certainly exists and seems all too common in much of the world. Blasted was Sarah Kane’s breakthrough play, and her emergence put the theatre world on its ear in the 1990s.   More than any other recent theatrical event, the plays of Kane shocked the theatre world to the core.   Kane’s debut play, Blasted, created a scandal when it was released.   The play angered many of the critics, but cemented a lasting impression on the world of theatre.   According to playwright Mark Ravenhill: â€Å"History has made Kane’s critics look rather foolish.   But, really, who could have said then that Blasted was a landmark in theatre?   In retrospect, we – theatres, audiences, translators, teachers, students, biographers – pick out the good art from the bad until we’re left with some kind of canon. But in the moment no one can really tell† (Ravenhill).   Its scenes of anal rape, cannibalism, and brutality created the biggest theatre scandal since the baby stoning scene in Bond’s play Saved; Kane admired Bond’s work and he in turn publicly defended Kane’s play and talent (â€Å"Sarah Kane†).   Blasted’s merits were recognised by fellow playwright Harold Pinter and it was later generally accepted that the play is not an adolescent attempt to shock, but instead draws parallels between acts of domestic abuse and the war being fought in Bosnia, between emotional and physical violence, and thus confronts audiences with moral challenges rather than amoral shock tactics (â€Å"Sarah Kane†). Kane’s subsequent plays continued to deal with violent sexual desire, cruelty, pain, torture, and death, though without the massive scandal caused by her first play.   She measured human suffering through physical and psychological means, and presented theatre that might be offensive and difficult to watch at times, but overall redemptive. Her suicide stigmatized her films, but her work continues to transcend theatrical boundaries and national borders.   Theater critic Michael Billington remarked on the success of Kane’s plays around the world:   â€Å"If we still find it hard to grasp her in Britain, it is because of her ruthlessly uncompromising vision and total rejection of our naturalistic inheritance. The whirligig of time, however, brings in its revenges – and I suspect, judging by her campus popularity, that the next generation of theatre-makers will intuitively understand her black humour and romantic agony† (Billington).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It seems difficult to place the work of Sarah Kane in the same pantheon as Anton Chekhov and Arthur Miller, if only because they seem the opposite ends of the spectrum, but both playwrights have contributed to the spirit of change and were once considered radical departures from the norm.   As Blasted continues to gain acceptance and grows in popularity, Kane’s place in the canon will be assured, and perhaps she will become a part of conventional theatre, like Chekhov and Miller.   As history dictates, what shocks today is a reaction to yesterday’s conventions, so the possibility exists that plays like those of Sarah Kane become commonplace and conventional, only to be subverted by a new, evolved form of genteel light comedy. Works Cited: Billington, Michael. â€Å"The best British playwright you’ll never see;† Guardian Unlimited; 23. Mar 2005. 10 Jul 2008. . Ravenhill, Mark. â€Å"Suicide art?   She’s better than that,† Guardian Unlimited. 12 Oct 2005. 10 Jul . â€Å"Sarah Kane.† Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 5 Jan 2007. Jul 2008. .

German to Englilsh Cooking Glossary - Kochglossar

German to Englilsh Cooking Glossary - Kochglossar Whats more authentic than learning to cool a German Chocolate Cake using a recipe written in German? Cooks and bakers can use this German-English glossary that focuses on terms found in recipes and food preparation. It includes terms for instructions and measures as well as ingredients. If you are exploring a German recipe, you should keep this handy to interpret ingredients and measures into English. Kochglossar (Cooking Glossary) Key: Noun gender: r (der, masc.), e (die, fem.), or s (das, neu.) adj. adjective, v. verb A abkà ¼hlen v. cool off, cool down abseihen v. strain, sieve (Aus., S. Ger.) s Auftragen serving (up) vor dem Auftragen before serving aufkochen v. bring to a boil aufschlagen v. beat, whip (aus)quellen lassen v. let expand, rise ausrollen v. roll out (dough) ausstechen v. cut/press out (with a cookie cutter) B s Backfett / Pflanzenfett shortening e Backform baking dish, tin r Backofen (baking) oven im vorgeheizten Backofen in a preheated oven s Backpulver baking powder, baking soda (s Natron) s Backrohr oven bei 180 Grad at 180 degrees (Celsius, 356 degrees  Fahrenheit) bestreuen v. sprinkle (on) Bltter slices (nuts, etc.; Mandelbltter sliced almonds) s Blech/Backblech baking tray, pan r Brà ¶sel / r Semmelbrà ¶sel breading, crumbs C r Champignon mushroom (for cooking) s Chinin quinine e Creme cream, mousse, sauce e Cremetorte cream cake cremig creamy etw cremig rà ¼hren / schlagen to stir/beat until creamy D s Dekagramm decagram, 10 grams (Austria) direkt gepresst (Orangensaft)  fresh-squeezed (orange juice) direkt gepresster Orangensaft  fresh-squeezed orange juice r Direktsaft  fresh-squeezed (orange) juice E s Eigelb egg yolk drei Eigelb the yolks of three eggs s Eiklar egg white s Eiweiß egg white drei Eiweiß / Eiklar the whites of three eggs EL tablespoon (see below) r Esslà ¶ffel (EL) tablespoon gestrichener Esslà ¶ffel level tablespoon gehufter Esslà ¶ffel heaped/heaping tablespoon r Estragon tarragon F e Flà ¼ÃƒÅ¸igkeit liquid, fluid e Fritteuse deep fryer frittieren to deep fry e Frittà ¼re deep fryer G s Gefß vessel, bowl, container gemahlen adj ground (up) - mahlen to grind gerieben adj. grated abgeriebene Schale einer Zitrone grated lemon peel geriebener Kse grated cheese geschlt adj. peeled gestrichen level(ed) gestrichener Esslà ¶ffel level tablespoon s Gewà ¼rz (-e) seasoning(s), spice(s) Estragon tarragon Knoblauch garlic Kà ¼mmel caraway Lorbeerblatt bay leaf Schnittlauch chives e Gewà ¼rznelke(n)/Nelke(n) clove(s) e Glasur glazing, icing r Grad degree(s) s Gramm gram 250 Gramm Mehl 250 grams of flour r Guss (Zuckerguss) (sugar) glazing, icing H e Hlfte half (of) heiß hot r Herd range, stove (cooking) Elektroherd electric stove Gasherd gas stove I r Ingwer ginger (spice) K kalt cold r Kardamom cardamom, cardamon (a type of ginger spice) kneten v. knead (dough) kochen v. boil, cook s Kochbuch cook book r Kochlà ¶ffel wooden spoon r Koriander coriander, cilantro, Chinese parsley (seasoning) e Kuvertà ¼re (chocolate) covering, icing L s Lachsmesser (smoked) salmon knife e Lachsmousse salmon mousse lieblich moderately sweet (wine) r Là ¶ffel spoon r Lorbeer bay leaf (seasoning)   M die Mandel (Mandeln) almond(s) Mandelbltter sliced almonds mahlen v. grind fein / grob mahlen grind finely / coarsely gemahlen (adj) ground e Masse mixture s Mehl flour e Messerspitze (Msp.) knife tip, a pinch of... Msp. knife tip, a pinch of... r Muskat nutmeg N s Natron baking soda, bicarbonate of soda e Nelke(n) / Gewà ¼rznelke(n) clove(s) O e Oblate (-n) wafer s Ãâ€"l (-e) oil (s Olivenà ¶l olive oil) s Orangeat (-e) candied orange peel P Palmin Softâ„ ¢ (brand name) a Crisco-like shortening e Panade coating of breadcrumbs (for frying) panieren to bread (for frying) paniert breaded s Paniermehl breading, bread crumbs s Pektin pectin s Pflanzenfett / Backfett shortening s Pfund pound (metric: 500 g, 1.1 U.S. pounds) zwei Pfund Kartoffeln two pounds (1kg) of potatoes e Prise dash (approx. 1 gram) eine Prise Salz a dash of salt r Puderzucker powdered sugar R rà ¼hren v. stir, mix s Rà ¼hrgert mixer, mixing machine S r Saft juice e Schale peel (orange, lemon) r Schnee meringue (e Meringe) r Schneebesen whisk verquirlen v. to whisk, beat seihen v. to strain, sieve (Austria, S. Ger.) r Seiher sieve, strainer, colander (Austria, S. Ger.) Semmelbrà ¶sel (pl.) breading, crumbs (Austria, S. Ger.) s Sieb sieve, sifter, strainer, colander durch ein Sieb streichen strain, sift, press through a sieve sieben to sift, strain e Speisestrke cornstarch, cornflour, thickening agent s Strkemehl cornstarch, cornflour r Strkezucker glucose streichen v. press, rub; spread (butter, etc.) T r Teelà ¶ffel teaspoon gestrichener Teelà ¶ffel level teaspoon gehufter Teelà ¶ffel heaped/heaping teaspoon r Teig dough, mixture der Germteig yeast dough (Austria) der Hefeteig yeast dough den Teig gehen lassen let the dough rise e Terrine terrine, soup tureen TL teaspoon (see above) U à ¼berbacken au gratin (baked over) unbehandelt natural, organic eine unbehandelte Limette a natural lime (untreated with pesticides, etc.) unterheben to fold in (ingredients) unter Zugabe von... while adding... V e Vanillestange vanilla pod r Vanillezucker vanilla-flavored sugar verfeinern v. refine verquirlen v. to whisk, beat until foamy vorgeheizt preheated im vorgeheizten Backofen in a preheated oven W s Wasserbad double boiler im Wasserbad in a double boiler wiegen, abwiegen v. weigh wà ¼rzen v. season, add seasoning/spices Z ziehen v. steep, simmer, marinade s Ziehfett/Pflanzenfett shortening (Crisco Palmin Soft) r Zimt cinnamon e Zitrone (-n) lemon(s) s Zitronat (-e) candied lemon peel, citron e Zubereitung preparation (directions) zusetzen v. add (to) e Zutat (Zutaten) ingredient(s)

Asian Blepharoplasty As A Type Of Body Modification Essay

Asian Blepharoplasty As A Type Of Body Modification - Essay Example What stands out from all these procedures is the fact that body features of Whites continue to prevail among the Asian culture and to the Asians, attaining such an ideal look is worth any cost. They feel that the Western look is more appealing compared to their own looks. These procedures from the brief, fair kind ones to the most dangerous, are dynamically provoked by the fashion industry or simply wanting to look good (Joo, 2012). Many advertisements in the Asian media relate individual and professional success to people with Western and Caucasian features and clear messages that in order to achieve significant things in life, then one has to follow the Western way of life, which involves looking like them (Nguyen et al., 2009). The Western way of life demands one to have a beautiful, appealing body from head to toe. During these efforts, Asians risk affecting their well-being and financial security due to the high expenses involved in these surgeries (Chen, 2001). This risky trend should be halted, but it will not happen if Asians continue to endorse Western fashion in their own fashion industry. This research will discuss the factors that cause Asians to feel pressured to endorse Western beauty by focusing mainly on Asian Blepharoplasty. It will also discuss tough issues brought up by these societal influences and propose the resolution to this social problem. As Epstein and Joo (2013) confirm, modification of the human body has been there for as long as humans have willed themselves in order to fulfill the established modes that they feel satisfy societal standards. These modifications have been practiced in many ways and for different reasons. Historical evidence reveals that red dye removed from hematite was applied to the body with the aim of decorating it. After this, archaeological evidence confirms that over 10,000 years ago, animal bones, teeth, and colorful stones were considered as human adornments (Chen, 2001).

Social movements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social movements - Essay Example Marxism is defined by Wikipedia as the philosophical, social theory and political practice based on the works of Karl Marx, a known proponent of a social revolution to achieve full transformation of the state from capitalism to socialism. Its aim is to achieve equal distribution of wealth to all members of the society. This is totally opposite to the theory of capitalism that is often the system observed in western countries. Here, the labor force is treated as the major factor in the production of wealth rather than capital which is held only by a few. Existentialism on the other hand is a philosophical movement that gives meaning to human's existence in this world and seeks to value one's existence. Here, the meaning of life is given paramount consideration over other aspects such as politics, economy and sciences. It is opposed to the western's ideology on rationalism. Its core idea is that reality is not the consciousness but "being in this world." The first three principles are somehow related to each other in the sense that nationalism is the moving force behind the pursuit to industrialization and Marxism. Thus, it is nationalism that justifies the continued attempts to fully industrialize the economy and to distribute the wealth of the nation.